Audio apparatus and method of audio processing

ABSTRACT

An audio apparatus and method employ a first renderer circuit, wherein the first renderer circuit is arranged to render audio elements by generating a first set of audio signals for a set of loudspeakers; and a second renderer circuit, wherein the second renderer circuit is arranged to render audio elements by generating a second set of audio signals for headphones, and select between the first renderer circuit and the second renderer circuit such that the rendering of at least a first part of a first audio element is in response to a first audio rendering property indicator which is received in an audio signal. The first audio rendering property indicator is indicative of whether the first part of the first audio element should be rendered via the loudspeakers, or rendered via the headphones.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.17/269,283, filed on 18 Feb. 2021, which is the U.S. National Phaseapplication under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of International Application No.PCT/EP2019/072195, filed on Aug. 20, 2019, which claims the benefit ofEP Patent Application No. EP 18191241.1, filed on Aug. 28, 2018. Theseapplications are hereby incorporated by reference herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to an audio apparatus and method of audioprocessing, and in particular, but not exclusively, to using such tosupport an Augmented/Virtual Reality application.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The variety and range of experiences based on audiovisual content haveincreased substantially in recent years with new services and ways ofutilizing and consuming such content continuously being developed andintroduced. In particular, many spatial and interactive services,applications and experiences are being developed to give users a moreinvolved and immersive experience.

Examples of such applications are Virtual Reality (VR), AugmentedReality (AR), and Mixed Reality (MR) applications which are rapidlybecoming mainstream, with a number of solutions being aimed at theconsumer market. A number of standards are also under development by anumber of standardization bodies. Such standardization activities areactively developing standards for the various aspects of VR/AR/MRsystems including e.g. streaming, broadcasting, rendering, etc.

VR applications tend to provide user experiences corresponding to theuser being in a different world/environment/scene whereas AR (includingMixed Reality MR) applications tend to provide user experiencescorresponding to the user being in the current environment but withadditional information or virtual objects or information being added.Thus, VR applications tend to provide a fully immersive syntheticallygenerated world/scene whereas AR applications tend to provide apartially synthetic world/scene which is overlaid the real scene inwhich the user is physically present. However, the terms are often usedinterchangeably and have a high degree of overlap. In the following, theterm Virtual Reality/VR will be used to denote both Virtual Reality andAugmented Reality.

As an example, a service being increasingly popular is the provision ofimages and audio in such a way that a user is able to actively anddynamically interact with the system to change parameters of therendering such that this will adapt to movement and changes in theuser's position and orientation. A very appealing feature in manyapplications is the ability to change the effective viewing position andviewing direction of the viewer, such as for example allowing the viewerto move and “look around” in the scene being presented.

Such a feature can specifically allow a virtual reality experience to beprovided to a user. This may allow the user to (relatively) freely moveabout in a virtual environment and dynamically change his position andwhere he is looking. Typically, such virtual reality applications arebased on a three-dimensional model of the scene with the model beingdynamically evaluated to provide the specific requested view. Thisapproach is well known from e.g. game applications, such as in thecategory of first person shooters, for computers and consoles.

It is also desirable, in particular for virtual reality applications,that the image being presented is a three-dimensional image. Indeed, inorder to optimize immersion of the viewer, it is typically preferred forthe user to experience the presented scene as a three-dimensional scene.Indeed, a virtual reality experience should preferably allow a user toselect his/her own position, camera viewpoint, and moment in timerelative to a virtual world.

Typically, virtual reality applications are inherently limited in beingbased on a predetermined model of the scene, and typically on anartificial model of a virtual world. In some applications, a virtualreality experience may be provided based on real-world capture.

In many cases such an approach tends to be based on a virtual model ofthe real-world being built from the real-world captures. The virtualreality experience is then generated by evaluating this model.

Many current approaches tend to be suboptimal and tend to often have ahigh computational or communication resource requirement and/or providea suboptimal user experience with e.g. reduced quality or restrictedfreedom.

As an example of an application, virtual reality glasses have enteredthe market which allow viewers to experience captured 360° (panoramic)or 180° video. These 360° videos are often pre-captured using camerarigs where individual images are stitched together into a singlespherical mapping. Common stereo formats for 180° or 360° video aretop/bottom and left/right. Similar to non-panoramic stereo video, theleft-eye and right-eye pictures are compressed, e.g. as part of a singleH.264 video stream.

In addition to the visual rendering, most VR/AR applications furtherprovide a corresponding audio experience. In many applications, theaudio preferably provides a spatial audio experience where audio sourcesare perceived to arrive from positions that correspond to the positionsof the corresponding objects in the visual scene. Thus, the audio andvideo scenes are preferably perceived to be consistent and with bothproviding a full spatial experience.

For audio, the focus has until now mostly been on headphone reproductionusing binaural audio rendering technology. In many scenarios, headphonereproduction enables a highly immersive, personalized experience to theuser. Using headtracking, the rendering can be made responsive to theuser's head movements, which highly increases the sense of immersion.

Recently, both in the market and in standards discussions, use cases arestarting to be proposed that involve a “social” or “shared” aspect of VR(and AR), i.e. the possibility to share an experience together withother people. These can be people at different locations, but alsopeople in the same location (or a combination of both). For example,several people in the same room may share the same VR experience with aprojection (audio and video) of each participant being present in the VRcontent/scene. For example, in a game where multiple people participate,each player may have a different location in the game-scene andconsequently a different projection of the audio and video scene.

As a specific example, MPEG attempts to standardize a bit stream anddecoder for realistic, immersive AR/VR experiences with six degrees offreedom. Social VR is an important feature and allows users to interactin a shared environment (gaming, conference calls, online shopping,etc.). The concept of social VR also facilitates making a VR experiencea more social activity for users physically in the same location butwhere e.g. a head mounted display or other VR headset provides aperceptional isolation from the physical surroundings.

A disadvantage of headphone reproduction in such “social” or “shared” AR(or VR) use cases is that with each user wearing individual headphones,the users that are in the same location (e.g. room) are at least partlyacoustically isolated from each other, which diminishes the “social”part of the experience (for instance, it becomes difficult or awkwardfor people standing next to each other to have a natural conversation).

This may be addressed by using loudspeakers instead of headphones forthe audio reproduction. However, this has the disadvantage that theaudio reproduction cannot be as freely adapted and customized to theindividual user. For example, it makes it difficult to dynamically adaptthe audio reproduction to the head movements, and specifically tochanges in the head orientation of each individual user. Such an effectis very important for an immersive experience and loudspeakers thereforetend to be suboptimal for generating an optimized user experience.

Hence, an improved approach for audio processing, in particular for avirtual/augmented/mixed reality experience/application, application,would be advantageous. In particular, an approach that allows improvedoperation, increased flexibility, reduced complexity, facilitatedimplementation, an improved audio experience, a more consistentperception of an audio and visual scene, improved customization,improved personalization; an improved virtual reality experience, and/orimproved performance and/or operation would be advantageous.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, the Invention seeks to preferably mitigate, alleviate oreliminate one or more of the above mentioned disadvantages singly or inany combination.

According to an aspect of the invention there is provided an audioapparatus comprising: a receiver for receiving data describing an audioscene, the data comprising audio data for a set of audio elementscorresponding to audio sources in the scene and metadata comprising atleast a first audio rendering property indicator for a first audioelement of the set of audio elements; a first renderer for renderingaudio elements by generating a first set of audio signals for a set ofloudspeakers; a second renderer for rendering audio elements bygenerating a second set of audio signals for a headphone; and a selectorarranged to select between the first renderer and the second rendererfor rendering of at least a first part of the first audio element inresponse to the first audio rendering property indicator; wherein theaudio rendering property indicator is indicative of whether the firstpart of the first audio element is associated with a listener posedependent position or with a listener pose non-dependent position.

The approach may provide an improved user experience in many embodimentsand may specifically provide an improved user experience for manyvirtual reality (including augmented and mixed reality) applications,including specifically social or shared experiences. The approach mayprovide improved performance using hybrid rendering. For example, inmany embodiments, it may allow users in the same room to more easilytalk directly while still providing a targeted and personalizedrendering of the audio scene.

The audio rendering property indicator may indicative whether the firstaudio element represents an audio source with a spatial property that isfixed to head orientation or is not-fixed to head orientation(corresponding listener pose dependent position and listener posenon-dependent position respectively). The approach may reduce complexityand resource requirements.

In some embodiments, the apparatus may comprise a first driver fordriving the set of loudspeakers from the first set of audio signals anda second driver for driving the headphones from the second set of audiosignals. The first set of audio signals may specifically be a set ofsurround signals and the second set of audio signals may specifically bea binaural stereo signal.

The first audio rendering property indicator may be indicative of aproperty of the rendering to be applied to the first audio element or aproperty of the first audio element.

In accordance with an optional feature of the invention, the apparatusfurther comprises a listener pose receiver for receiving a listener poseindicative of a pose of a listener, and the first renderer is arrangedto generate the first set of audio signals independently of the listenerpose and the second renderer is arranged to generate the second set ofaudio signals in response to the listener pose.

The audio apparatus may provide a highly advantageous and flexible userexperience allowing close consistency between e.g. listener movement andthe perceived audio scene. A pose may refer to position and/ororientation data, and may also be referred to as a placement. A listenerpose may be a position indication for a listener, an orientationindication for a listener, or a combined position and orientationindication for a listener. A pose/placement may be represented by one ormore values providing an indication of a position and/or direction.

In accordance with an optional feature of the invention, the apparatusis arranged to generate audio signals for a plurality of listenerswherein the first renderer is arranged to generate the first set ofaudio signals as a common set of audio signals for the plurality oflisteners; and the second renderer is arranged to generate the secondset of audio signals for headphones for a first listener of theplurality of listeners and to generate a third set of audio signals forheadphones for a second listener of the plurality of listeners.

The audio apparatus may provide an advantageous support for multipleusers. In many applications, improved support may be achieved for lowcomplexity and resource usage yet providing an attractive userexperience with often a consistent and natural perception of the audiostage.

The second set of audio signals may be generated in response to a firstlistener pose for the first listener and the third set of audio signalsmay be generated in response to a second listener pose for the secondlistener. The first set of audio signals may be generated independentlyof listener poses.

In accordance with an optional feature of the invention, the first partis a frequency subrange of the first audio element.

This may provide improved performance in many embodiments.

In accordance with an optional feature of the invention, the selector isarranged to select different renderers of the first renderer and thesecond renderer for the first part of the first audio element and for asecond part of the first audio element.

This may provide an improved user experience in many embodiments. Theselector may specifically be arranged to select different renderers fordifferent frequency ranges of the first audio element.

This may provide an efficient approach in many applications. The audiorendering property indicator may be indicative of whether the firstaudio element is diegetic or not.

In accordance with an optional feature of the invention, the audiorendering property indicator is indicative of an audio format of thefirst audio element.

This may provide an improved user experience in many embodiments. Theaudio rendering property indicator may be indicative of an audio formatfrom a set of audio formats including at least one audio format from thegroup of: an audio object format; a Higher Order Ambisonics audioformat; and an audio channel signal audio format.

In accordance with an optional feature of the invention, the audiorendering property indicator is indicative of an audio source type forthe first audio element.

This may provide an improved user experience in many embodiments. Theaudio rendering property indicator may be indicative of an audio sourcetype from a set of audio source types including at least one audiosource type from the group of: speech audio; music audio; foregroundaudio; background audio; voice over audio; and narrator audio.

In accordance with an optional feature of the invention, wherein theaudio rendering property indicator is indicative of a guidance renderingproperty for the rendering of the rendering of the first audio element.

This may provide an improved user experience and/or performance in manyembodiments.

In accordance with an optional feature of the invention, the audiorendering property indicator is indicative of whether the first part ofthe first audio item is intended for rendering over loudspeakers orheadphones.

This may provide an improved user experience and/or performance in manyembodiments.

In accordance with an optional feature of the invention, the receiver isfurther arranged to receive visual data indicative of a virtual scenecorresponding to the audio scene, and the audio rendering propertyindicator is indicative of whether the first audio element represents anaudio source corresponding to a visual scene object.

This may provide an improved user experience and/or performance in manyembodiments.

In some embodiments, the audio rendering property indicator may beindicative of whether the first audio element represents an audio sourcecorresponding to a scene object which is within a viewport determinedfor a current listener pose.

In accordance with an optional feature of the invention, the apparatusfurther comprises a user input for receiving a user input and whereinthe selector is arranged to select between the first renderer and thesecond renderer for rendering of at least the first part of the firstaudio element in response to the user input.

This may provide an improved user experience in many embodiments.

In accordance with an optional feature of the invention, the selector isarranged to determine an audio property of the first audio element andto select between the first renderer and the second renderer forrendering of at least the first part of the first audio element inresponse to audio property.

This may provide an improved user experience and/or performance in manyembodiments.

According to an aspect of the invention there is provided a method ofaudio processing comprising: receiving data describing an audio scene,the data comprising audio data for a set of audio elements correspondingto audio sources in the scene and metadata comprising at least a firstaudio rendering property indicator for a first audio element of the setof audio elements; rendering audio elements by generating a first set ofaudio signals for a set of loudspeakers; rendering audio elements bygenerating a second set of audio signals for a headphone; and selectingbetween rendering of at least a first part of the first audio elementfor the set of loudspeakers and for the headphone in response to thefirst audio rendering property indicator; wherein the audio renderingproperty indicator is indicative of whether the first part of the firstaudio element is associated with a listener pose dependent position orwith a listener pose non-dependent position.

These and other aspects, features and advantages of the invention willbe apparent from and elucidated with reference to the embodiment(s)described hereinafter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the invention will be described, by way of example only,with reference to the drawings, in which

FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a client server based virtual realitysystem; and

FIG. 2 illustrates an example of elements of an audio apparatus inaccordance with some embodiments of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SOME EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

Virtual reality (including augmented and mixed reality) experiencesallowing a user to move around in a virtual or augmented world arebecoming increasingly popular and services are being developed tosatisfy such demands. In many such approaches, visual and audio data maydynamically be generated to reflect a user's (or viewer's) current pose.

In the field, the terms placement and pose are used as a common term forposition and/or direction/orientation. The combination of the positionand direction/orientation of e.g. an object, a camera, a head, or a viewmay be referred to as a pose or placement. Thus, a placement or poseindication may comprise up to six values/components/degrees of freedomwith each value/component typically describing an individual property ofthe position/location or the orientation/direction of the correspondingobject. Of course, in many situations, a placement or pose may berepresented by fewer components, for example if one or more componentsis considered fixed or irrelevant (e.g. if all objects are considered tobe at the same height and have a horizontal orientation, four componentsmay provide a full representation of the pose of an object). In thefollowing, the term pose is used to refer to a position and/ororientation which may be represented by one to six values (correspondingto the maximum possible degrees of freedom).

Many VR applications are based on a pose having the maximum degrees offreedom, i.e. three degrees of freedom of each of the position and theorientation resulting in a total of six degrees of freedom. A pose maythus be represented by a set or vector of six values representing thesix degrees of freedom and thus a pose vector may provide athree-dimensional position and/or a three-dimensional directionindication. However, it will be appreciated that in other embodiments,the pose may be represented by fewer values.

A system or entity based on providing the maximum degree of freedom forthe viewer is typically referred to as having 6 Degrees of Freedom (6DoF). Many systems and entities provide only an orientation or positionand these are typically known as having 3 Degrees of Freedom (3 DoF).

Typically, the virtual reality application generates a three-dimensionaloutput in the form of separate view images for the left and the righteyes. These may then be presented to the user by suitable means, such astypically individual left and right eye displays of a VR headset. Inother embodiments, one or more view images may e.g. be presented on anautostereoscopic display, or indeed in some embodiments only a singletwo-dimensional image may be generated (e.g. using a conventionaltwo-dimensional display).

Similarly, for a given viewer/user/listener pose, an audiorepresentation of the scene may be provided. The audio scene istypically rendered to provide a spatial experience where audio sourcesare perceived to originate from desired positions. As audio sources maybe static in the scene, changes in the user pose will result in a changein the relative position of the audio source with respect to the user'spose. Accordingly, the spatial perception of the audio source shouldchange to reflect the new position relative to the user. The audiorendering may accordingly be adapted depending on the user pose.

The viewer or user pose input may be determined in different ways indifferent applications. In many embodiments, the physical movement of auser may be tracked directly. For example, a camera surveying a userarea may detect and track the user's head (or even eyes (eye-tracking)).In many embodiments, the user may wear a VR headset which can be trackedby external and/or internal means. For example, the headset may compriseaccelerometers and gyroscopes providing information on the movement androtation of the headset and thus the head. In some examples, the VRheadset may transmit signals or comprise (e.g. visual) identifiers thatenable an external sensor to determine the position of the VR headset.

In some systems, the viewer pose may be provided by manual means, e.g.by the user manually controlling a joystick or similar manual input. Forexample, the user may manually move the virtual viewer around in thevirtual scene by controlling a first analog joystick with one hand andmanually controlling the direction in which the virtual viewer islooking by manually moving a second analog joystick with the other hand.

In some applications a combination of manual and automated approachesmay be used to generate the input viewer pose. For example, a headsetmay track the orientation of the head and the movement/position of theviewer in the scene may be controlled by the user using a joystick.

In some systems, the VR application may be provided locally to a viewerby e.g. a standalone device that does not use, or even have any accessto, any remote VR data or processing. For example, a device such as agames console may comprise a store for storing the scene data, input forreceiving/generating the viewer pose, and a processor for generating thecorresponding images from the scene data.

In other systems, the VR application may be implemented and performedremote from the viewer. For example, a device local to the user maydetect/receive movement/pose data which is transmitted to a remotedevice that processes the data to generate the viewer pose. The remotedevice may then generate suitable view images for the viewer pose basedon scene data describing the scene. The view images are then transmittedto the device local to the viewer where they are presented. For example,the remote device may directly generate a video stream (typically astereo/3D video stream) which is directly presented by the local device.

Similarly, the remote device may generate an audio scene reflecting thevirtual audio environment. This may in many embodiments be done bygenerating audio elements that correspond to the relative position ofdifferent audio sources in the virtual audio environment with thesebeing rendered to be perceived at the corresponding positions.

For example, a remote device may generate audio data representing anaudio scene and may transmit audio components/objects/signals or otheraudio elements corresponding to different audio sources in the audioscene together with position information indicative of the position ofthese (which may e.g. dynamically change for moving objects). The audioelements may include elements associated with specific positions but mayalso include elements for more distributed or diffuse audio sources. Forexample, audio elements may be provided representing generic(non-localized) background sound, ambient sound, diffuse reverberationetc.

The local VR device may then render the audio elements appropriately,e.g. by applying appropriate binaural processing reflecting the relativeposition of the audio sources for the audio components.

For the audio side of a VR service, a central server may accordingly insome embodiments generate audio data representing an audio scene, andmay specifically represent this audio scene by a number of audioelements that can be rendered by the local client/device.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a VR system in which a central server101 liaises with a number of remote clients 103 e.g. via a network 105,such as e.g. the Internet. The central server 101 may be arranged tosimultaneously support a potentially large number of remote clients 103.

Such an approach may in many scenarios provide an improved trade-offe.g. between complexity and resource demands for different devices,communication requirements etc. For example, the viewer pose andcorresponding scene data may be transmitted with larger intervals withthe local device processing the viewer pose and received scene datalocally to provide a real time low lag experience. This may for examplesubstantially reduce the required communication bandwidth whileproviding a low latency experience and while allowing the scene data tobe centrally stored, generated, and maintained. It may for example besuitable for applications where a VR experience is provided to aplurality of remote devices.

FIG. 2 illustrates elements of an audio apparatus which may provide animproved audio rendering in many applications and scenarios. Inparticular, the audio apparatus may provide improved rendering for manyVR applications, and the audio apparatus may specifically be arranged toperform the audio processing and rendering for a VR client 103 of FIG. 1.

The audio apparatus of FIG. 2 is arranged to render the audio scene bygenerating a hybrid set of output signals with a first (sub)set of theoutput signals being generated to be rendered by a set of loudspeakersand a second (sub)set of output signals being generated to be renderedby headphones. The first set of audio signals may specifically be a setof surround sound signals for rendering on a surround sound speaker set.The second set of audio signals may specifically be a binaural stereosignal for rendering on a pair of headphones.

The audio apparatus of FIG. 2 may be part of a hybrid audio reproductionsystem for VR/AR that uses a combination of headphone- and loudspeakerreproduction to provide a presentation of an audio scene.

Such an approach may provide advantageous operation in many embodiments.For example, in many scenarios, using a combination of loudspeaker- andheadphone reproduction instead of either of the two may provide an AR(or VR/MR) experience that is both highly immersive for each individualuser, while at the same time not hampering the “social” or “shared”aspect of the experience. For example, it may allow the audio renderedto be customized to individual users and the current context for theuser. For example, it may allow positions of audio sources to beaccurately adapted to match the head movements/rotations of the user. Atthe same time, it may reduce complexity required e.g. for binauralprocessing as substantial parts of the audio scene may be rendered bylower complexity audio channel/surround sound processing. It may furthere.g. be based on using headphones with low attenuation of external soundthereby e.g. facilitating direct interaction between users in the sameenvironment/room.

The following description will focus on embodiments wherein the systemrenders the audio scene using a combination of a surround loudspeakerset up (e.g. a 5.1 or 7.1 system) that is common to all local users, andindividual (open or semi-open) headphones for the individual users(where “individual headphones” means: headphones that render a signalthat has been generated or adapted for the user wearing thoseheadphones).

The apparatus will specifically be described with reference to a usecase of a “social” or “shared” aspect of VR/AR/MR application withmultiple people sharing an experience. These may be at differentlocations but may more interestingly for the example also be at the samelocation (e.g. same room). A specific use case example is several peoplein the same room, sharing the same AR experience that is “projected”within their shared real environment. E.g. a couple sitting together ona couch, watching an immersive movie virtually projected on the wall oftheir living room. They may wear see-through glasses that enable them tosee each other and their environment as well as open headphones allowingboth dedicated personalized rendering as well as allowing audio in theenvironment, including that generated by a surround sound setup to beheard.

The apparatus of FIG. 2 specifically includes a receiver 201 which isarranged to receive data describing the virtual scene. The data mayinclude data providing a visual description of the scene and may includedata providing an audio description of the scene. Thus, an audio scenedescription and a visual scene description may be provided by thereceived data.

The receiver 201 is coupled to a visual renderer 203 which proceeds torender images corresponding to a viewer's current viewing pose. Forexample, the data may include spatial 3D image data (e.g. images anddepth or a model description of the scene) and from this the visualrenderer 203 may generate stereo images (image for the left and righteyes of a user) as will be known to the skilled person. The images maybe presented to the user e.g. via individual left and right eye displaysof a VR headset.

The received data comprises audio data describing the scene. The audiodata specifically comprises audio data for a set of audio elementscorresponding to audio sources in the scene. Some audio elements mayrepresent localized audio sources in the scene which are associated witha specific position in the scene (the position may of course bedynamically changing for a moving object). Often, an audio element mayrepresent audio generated by a specific scene object in the virtualscene and may thus represent an audio source at a position correspondingto that of the scene object (e.g. a human speaking).

Other elements may represent more distributed or diffuse audio sources,such as e.g. ambient or background noise which may be diffuse. Asanother example some audio elements may fully or partially representnon-spatially localized components of audio from localized audiosources, such as for example a diffuse reverberation from a spatiallywell defined audio source.

The audio elements may be encoded audio data, such as encoded audiosignals. The audio elements may be different types of audio elementsincluding different types of signals and components, and indeed in manyembodiments the first receiver 201 may receive audio data which definesdifferent types/formats of audio. For example, the audio data mayinclude audio represented by audio channel signals, individual audioobjects, Higher Order Ambisonics (HOA) etc.

The audio may for example be represented as encoded audio for a givenaudio component which is to be rendered. The audio data may furthercomprise position data which indicates a position of the source of theaudio component. The positional data may for example include absoluteposition data defining a position of the audio source in the scene.

The apparatus further comprises two renderers 205, 207.

A first renderer 205 is arranged to render audio elements over a set ofloudspeakers. Specifically, the first renderer 205 may generate a firstset of audio signals for a set of loudspeakers where the first set ofaudio signals is e.g. a set of surround sound signals for a surroundsound loudspeaker setup.

The first renderer 205 may thus generate a set of audio signals which isintended to be rendered by a specific spatial loudspeaker configuration.The first renderer 205 may generate a signal for each loudspeaker of asurround sound configuration, and thus for rendering from a specificlocation corresponding to the speaker position in the configuration.

The first renderer 205 may be arranged to generate the audio signalssuch that a given audio element is rendered such that the combinedeffect leads to an impression of the audio element being rendered fromthe desired position. Typically, the received data may for at least someaudio elements include specific position indications and the firstrenderer 205 may render the audio elements such that they are perceivedoriginate from the indicated position. Other audio elements may e.g. bedistributed and diffused and may be rendered as such.

It will be appreciated that many algorithms and approaches for renderingof spatial audio using loudspeakers, and specifically in surround soundsystems, will be known to the skilled person and that any suitableapproach may be used without detracting from the invention.

For example, the first renderer 205 may generate audio signals for fiveloudspeakers in a surround sound configuration with a center speaker,left front speaker, right front speaker, left surround speaker, andright surround speaker. The first renderer 205 may generate a set ofaudio signals comprising an audio signal for each loudspeaker. Thesignals may then be amplified to generate drive signals for theindividual loudspeaker.

In some embodiments, an audio element which is being rendered using theloudspeakers may be received as e.g. a stereo downmix and the firstrenderer 205 may perform an upmixing to generate the surround signalswhich in some cases may be rendered directly. Such an approach may forexample be useful for audio elements representing diffuse sound that isnot directly related to the user pose. For example, an audio elementrepresenting generic diffuse ambient audio may be provided as a stereodownmix which can directly be upmixed to provide the appropriatesurround sound audio channels. Each of the resulting upmixed signals maybe combined with signals for the corresponding speakers generated fromother audio elements to generate the set of output signals.

Some audio elements that are rendered via the loudspeaker setup may forexample be provided in the form of audio objects. Such an audio objectmay be represented by audio data describing the specific audio andassociated position data which describes the position of the audiosource. Based on the position data and the positions of the loudspeakers(whether actual positions or nominal positions for the surround soundspeaker setup), the first renderer 205 may determine coefficients for amatrix or vector mapping the audio signal to the different surroundsound channels.

In some embodiments, the first renderer 205 may further be arranged toadapt generated audio signals based on acoustic environment data. Forexample, if data is provided indicating that the current environment isa highly reflective environment (e.g. a bathroom or similar acousticenvironment with a high degree of reflections), then the first renderer205 may generate and apply a filter having an impulse responsecorresponding to the room transfer function for the environment (firstreflections etc.). The filter may in some embodiments be applied to eachof the generated audio signals for the individual surround channels ormay in some embodiments be applied to the audio element before upmixingto the different audio channels.

In some embodiments, the first renderer 205 may alternatively oradditionally be arranged to add reverberation which specifically may bebased on environment data received with the audio element. For example,the first renderer 205 may apply a synthetic reverberator, such as a Jotreverberator, with parameters being set depending on the acousticenvironment data (e.g. with a reverberation sustain as indicated by thedata). The reverberator may typically be applied to the audio elementprior to any upmixing or mapping to the surround channels. The secondrenderer 207 is arranged to generate a second set of audio signals for aheadphone. The second set of audio signals may specifically be abinaural stereo signal.

In many embodiments, the audio rendering by the second renderer 207 is abinaural render process using suitable binaural transfer functions toprovide the desired spatial effect for a user wearing a headphone. Forexample, the second renderer 207 may be arranged to generate an audiocomponent to be perceived to arrive from a specific position usingbinaural processing.

Binaural processing is known to be used to provide a spatial experienceby virtual positioning of sound sources using individual signals for thelistener's ears. With an appropriate binaural rendering processing, thesignals required at the eardrums in order for the listener to perceivesound from any desired direction can be calculated, and the signals canbe rendered such that they provide the desired effect. These signals arethen recreated at the eardrum using either headphones or a crosstalkcancelation method (suitable for rendering over closely spacedspeakers). Binaural rendering can be considered to be an approach forgenerating signals for the ears of a listener resulting in tricking thehuman auditory system into thinking that a sound is coming from thedesired positions.

The binaural rendering is based on binaural transfer functions whichvary from person to person due to the acoustic properties of the head,ears and reflective surfaces, such as the shoulders. For example,binaural filters can be used to create a binaural recording simulatingmultiple sources at various locations. This can be realized byconvolving each sound source with the pair of e.g. Head Related ImpulseResponses (HRIRs) that correspond to the position of the sound source.

A well-known method to determine binaural transfer functions is binauralrecording. It is a method of recording sound that uses a dedicatedmicrophone arrangement and is intended for replay using headphones. Therecording is made by either placing microphones in the ear canal of asubject or using a dummy head with built-in microphones, a bust thatincludes pinnae (outer ears). The use of such dummy head includingpinnae provides a very similar spatial impression as if the personlistening to the recordings was present during the recording.

By measuring e.g. the responses from a sound source at a specificlocation in 2D or 3D space to microphones placed in or near the humanears, the appropriate binaural filters can be determined. Based on suchmeasurements, binaural filters reflecting the acoustic transferfunctions to the user's ears can be generated. The binaural filters canbe used to create a binaural recording simulating multiple sources atvarious locations. This can be realized e.g. by convolving each soundsource with the pair of measured impulse responses for a desiredposition of the sound source. In order to create the illusion that asound source is moved around the listener, a large number of binauralfilters is typically required with adequate spatial resolution, e.g. 10degrees. The head related binaural transfer functions may be representede.g. as Head

Related Impulse Responses (HRIR), or equivalently as Head RelatedTransfer Functions (HRTFs) or, Binaural Room Impulse Responses (BRIRs),or Binaural Room Transfer Functions (BRTFs). The (e.g. estimated orassumed) transfer function from a given position to the listener's ears(or eardrums) may for example be given in the frequency domain in whichcase it is typically referred to as an HRTF or BRTF, or in the timedomain in which case it is typically referred to as a HRIR or BRIR. Insome scenarios, the head related binaural transfer functions aredetermined to include aspects or properties of the acoustic environmentand specifically of the room in which the measurements are made, whereasin other examples only the user characteristics are considered. Examplesof the first type of functions are the BRIRs and BRTFs.

The second renderer 207 may accordingly comprise a store with binauraltransfer functions for a, typically high, number of different positionswith each binaural transfer function providing information of how anaudio signal should be processed/filtered in order to be perceived tooriginate from that position. Individually applying binaural processingto a plurality of audio signals/sources and combining the result may beused to generate an audio scene with a number of audio sourcespositioned at appropriate positions in the sound stage.

The second renderer 207 may for a given audio element that is to beperceived to originate from a given position relative to the user'shead, select and retrieve the stored binaural transfer function thatmost closely matches the desired position (or in some case may generatethis by interpolating between a plurality of close binaural transferfunctions). It may then apply the selected binaural transfer function tothe audio signal of the audio element thereby generating an audio signalfor the left ear and an audio signal for the right ear.

The generated output stereo signal in the form of the left and right earsignal is then suitable for headphone rendering and may be amplified togenerate drive signals that are fed to the headset of a user. The userwill then perceive the audio element to originate from the desiredposition.

It will be appreciated that the audio element may in some embodimentsalso be processed to e.g. add acoustic environment effects. For example,as described for the first renderer 205, the audio element may beprocessed to add reverberation or e.g. decorrelation/diffuseness. Inmany embodiments, this processing may be performed on the generatedbinaural signal rather than directly on the audio element signal.

Thus, the second renderer 207 may be arranged to generate the audiosignals such that a given audio element is rendered such that a userwearing the headphones perceives the audio element to be received fromthe desired position. Typically, the second renderer 207 may renderaudio elements such that they are perceived originate from the positionindicated in positional data included with the audio data. Other audioelements may e.g. possibly be distributed and diffused and may berendered as such.

The apparatus may accordingly be part of a client 103 which receivesdata including audio data describing an audio scene from a centralserver 101. In many applications, the central server 101 may provide anumber audio elements in the form of audio objects, audio channels,audio components, HOAs, audio signals etc. In many situations, some ofthe audio elements may correspond to a single audio source having aspecific position. Other audio elements may correspond to more diffuseand less well defined and more distributed audio sources.

It will be appreciated that many algorithms and approaches for renderingof spatial audio using headphones, and specifically for binauralrendering, will be known to the skilled person and that any suitableapproach may be used without detracting from the invention.

The apparatus of FIG. 2 may then be used in a client 103 to process thereceived audio data to render the desired audio scene. Specifically, itmay process each audio element based on the desired position data (whenappropriate) and then combine the results.

The apparatus of FIG. 2 accordingly uses two different renderingtechniques for generating audio representing the scene. The differentrendering techniques may have different properties and the apparatus ofFIG. 2 comprises a selector 209 arranged to select which audio elementsare rendered by the first renderer 205 and which audio elements arerendered by the second renderer 207. Specifically, for a given firstaudio element, the selector 211 may select which renderer 205, 207should be used for rendering. The selector 209 may accordingly receivethe first audio element and feed it to the first renderer 205 or thesecond renderer 207 depending on the selection.

In the system, the receiver 201 is in addition to the audio data (andpossibly visual data) arranged to receive metadata comprising audiorendering property indicators for at least one of the audio elements andoften for most or indeed all of the audio element. Specifically, atleast a first audio rendering property indicator is included for thefirst audio element.

The selector 209 is arranged to select which renderer to use dependenton the received metadata and the audio rendering property indicators.Specifically, the selector 209 is arranged to consider the first audiorendering property indicator and decide whether the first audio elementshould be rendered by the first renderer 205 or by the second renderer207, i.e. whether it should be rendered using the loudspeakers orheadphones.

As a low complexity example, the data may for each audio element includeencoded audio data as well as metadata comprising a position indication(typically the position of the audio source corresponding to the audioelement) and an audio rendering property indicator for the audioelement, where the audio rendering property indicator in the specificexample simply may be a binary indication of whether the audio elementshould be rendered by the first renderer 205 or by the second renderer207. The selector 209 may then evaluate this binary indication andselect the indicated renderer 205, 207. The renderer 205, 207 may thengenerate the appropriate output signals for respectively loudspeakersand headphones such that the audio element(s) are perceived to arrivefrom a position as indicated by the position indicator. The contributionfrom each audio element for which the indication is that they should berendered using the first renderer 205 may then be combined to generate afirst set of audio signals for the loudspeakers and the contributionfrom each audio element for which the indication is that they should berendered using the second renderer 207 may then be combined to generatea second set of audio signals for the headphones.

In this way, the audio apparatus of FIG. 2 may render the audio sceneover a hybrid audio rendering system including both loudspeakers andheadphones. Further, the distribution of audio elements over theheadphones and loudspeakers can be controlled/guided remotely. Forexample, the provider of the VR experience may also control and decidehow the audio elements should be rendered. As the provider may typicallyhave additional information of the specific nature of the audio sourcefor each audio element, this may allow the selection of how to rendereach audio element to be controlled based on additional information andknowledge that may not be available at the client. The approach mayprovide improved rendering in many situations and may provide animproved user experience in many scenarios. The approach may for exampleprovide a precise and natural rendering of the audio scene while e.g.allowing people in the same room to more naturally speak to each other.

Thus, in many embodiments, the audio rendering property indicator mayprovide guidance to the client and the audio apparatus on how thereceived audio data should be rendered. The audio rendering propertyindicator may be indicative of a guidance rendering property for therendering of the first audio element. The guidance rendering propertymay in many embodiments be a preferred, suggested, or nominal renderingproperty that is recommended to be used by the local renderer. Thus, theguidance rendering property may be control data which by the client canbe used to set a rendering parameter of the rendering.

In some embodiments, the guidance rendering property may be intended asa mandatory rendering property that must be used when rendering theaudio element but in other embodiments the guidance rendering propertymay be a suggested property that may be used or may not be used by theclient. Thus, in many embodiments, the audio apparatus may choosewhether to adapt its rendering to match the guidance rendering propertyor may choose to employ a different value. However, the approachprovides an approach that allows the audio apparatus to adapt itsoperation under guidance of the remote server/provider. This may achieveimproved performance in many embodiments as the remote server/providermay have additional information. It may for example also allow acentralized manual optimization or analysis to potentially improve therendering while still allowing the client to retain freedom andflexibility in the rendering.

In the specific example mentioned above, the audio rendering propertyindicator is indicative of whether the first audio item is intended forrendering over loudspeakers or whether it is intended for rendering overheadphones. The selector 209 may for a first audio element be arrangedto select the first renderer 205 for rendering if a first renderingindicator for the first audio element is indicative of the first audioelement being intended for rendering by loudspeakers and to select thesecond renderer 207 for rendering of the first audio element if thefirst rendering indicator is indicative of the first audio element beingintended for rendering by headphones. The selector 209 may then provideit to the selected renderer 205, 207 for rendering.

Thus, in many embodiments, the audio rendering property indicator isindicative of a property of the rendering to be applied to the firstaudio element, and specifically the rendering indicator for an audioelement may be indicative of whether the audio element is intended forrendering by loudspeakers or by headphones.

In some embodiments, it may accordingly be explicitly signaled bymetadata in the content stream whether an audio element should berendered over the loudspeakers or over the headphones in the case that ahybrid reproduction system is used. This may be an explicit artisticchoice made by the content producer and may thus provide improvedcontrol/guidance for the rendering.

In the apparatus of FIG. 2 , the audio rendering may (as well as thevisual rendering) be dependent on the viewer pose. Specifically, theapparatus comprises a listener pose receiver 211 which is arranged toreceive a listener pose indicative of a pose of the listener. Thelistener pose may specifically be represented by a headset pose e.g.determined by tracking of a VR headset worn by the user/listener. Itwill be appreciated that any suitable method for generating, estimating,receiving, and providing a listener pose may be used without detractingfrom the invention.

The listener pose receiver 211 is connected to the visual renderer 203and used to generate the visual output corresponding to the specificpose. In addition, the listener pose receiver 211 is coupled to thesecond renderer 207 and is used in the rendering of the audio elementsfor the headphone. Thus, the second renderer 207 is arranged to generatethe second set of audio signals in response to the listener pose.

The second renderer 207 may specifically perform a binaural renderingsuch that the audio elements are rendered to be perceived to originateat the appropriate positions with respect to the listeners currentorientation and position. For example, for the first audio element, thesecond renderer 207 may first determine the position in the scene spaceindicated by the position indication received for the first audioelement in the data stream. The relative position of the first audioelement with respect to the user may then be determined by analyzing thecurrent listener pose and the corresponding pose in the scene space. Thesecond renderer 207 may then retrieve HRTFs corresponding to thisrelative position and filter the first audio signal using the retrievedHRTFs to generate binaural stereo signal components for the first audioelement. The components may then be added to corresponding componentsgenerated from other audio elements to generate output binaural stereosignals.

It will be appreciated that many different approaches for generatingheadphone signals (and specifically binaural signals) corresponding toaudio sources at spatial positions are known and that any such suitableapproach or algorithm may be used by the second renderer 207.

In contrast to the second renderer 207, the rendering by the firstrenderer 205 (i.e. the rendering for the loudspeakers) do not depend onthe listener pose and thus the first renderer 205 is in the example ofFIG. 2 arranged to generate the first set of audio signals independentlyof the listener pose.

The first renderer 205 may specifically consider the position indicationfor an audio element to be rendered by the first renderer 205 and mapthis to a position in the rendering space of the loudspeakers. The firstrenderer 205 may then generate the signals for the loudspeakers toprovide a spatial perception of the audio element corresponding to thedetermined position.

It will be appreciated that many different approaches for generatingloudspeaker signals (and specifically surround sound signals)corresponding to audio sources at spatial positions are known and thatany such suitable approach or algorithm may be used by the firstrenderer 205.

Thus, in the example, the headphone signals are continuously generatedto reflect movement and rotations of the listener's head therebyproviding a continuous and consistent user experience. At the same timethe rendering using the loudspeakers is unchanged with respect to themovements and rotation of the listeners head which further also providesa consistent approach. The approach may provide an approach wherein thedifferent rendering approaches provide a consistent representation ofthe audio scene with respect to a non-static listener.

The previous examples have focused on a situation wherein the apparatusgenerates a representation of the audio scene for a single user.However, in many embodiments, the apparatus may generate arepresentation of the audio scene for a plurality of users, such asspecifically for two or more users located in the same room.

In such a case, the first renderer 205 may be arranged to generate acommon set of audio signals for the plurality of users whereas thesecond renderer 207 is arranged to generate individual headphone signalsfor each user.

Thus, for audio elements that are selected to be rendered by the firstrenderer 205, only a single set of output signals are generated for allthe users, e.g. only a single loudspeaker signal is generated for eachloudspeaker in the configuration and these may typically not depend onany user specific properties. Specifically, the first set of audiosignals generated for rendering by the loudspeakers are generatedwithout consideration of any listener poses. The same rendering of theaudio scene is generated for all users.

However, for audio elements that are rendered by the second renderer207, a different set of audio signals may be generated for each user.Specifically, a binaural stereo signal may be generated for each user.These individual signals may be generated to reflect properties orspecific characteristics for the individual listener and mayspecifically be generated to reflect the listener pose of the individuallistener. Thus, binaural signals may be generated that reflect theusers' current position and orientation.

The apparatus may thus in particular provide a very efficient supportfor multi-user scenarios. The required audio processing for supportingmultiple listeners may be reduced substantially. For example, binauralprocessing is typically relatively complex and resource consuming andthe number of audio signals that need to be generated using binauralprocessing may be reduced substantially thereby substantially reducingthe complexity and computational burden in many embodiments.

Thus, in an example where the apparatus supports two users in the sameroom, the first renderer 205 may be arranged to generate a common firstset of audio signals for rendering using loudspeakers and the secondrenderer 207 may be arranged to generate a second set of audio signalsfor headphones for a first listener and to generate a third set of audiosignals for headphones for a second listener. The first set of audiosignals may be generated independently of the listener pose of the firstand second listener, and the second set of audio signals may begenerated in response to the listener pose of the first listener and thethird set of audio signals may be generated in response to the listenerpose of the second listener.

The audio rendering property indicator provided in the received datastream may in different embodiments represent different data.

The audio rendering property indicator is indicative of whether thefirst part of the first audio element is associated with a listener posedependent position or with a listener pose non-dependent position. Theaudio rendering property indicator may specifically be indicative ofwhether the first audio element is diegetic or not.

As a specific example, in some embodiments, the selector 209 may bearranged to distribute the audio elements across the first renderer 205and the second renderer 207 based on whether an audio rendering propertyindicator for the audio element indicates that it is “fixed to headorientation” or “not-fixed to head orientation” in accordance with MPEGterminology.

An audio element indicated by the audio rendering property indicator tobe “fixed to head” is an audio element that is intended to have a fixedlocation relative to the user's head. Such audio elements may berendered using the second renderer 207 and may be rendered independentlyof the listener pose. Hence the rendering of such audio elements doesnot take into account (changes in) the user's head orientation, in otherwords such audio elements are audio elements for which the relativeposition does not change when the user turns his head (e.g. non spatialaudio such as ambient noise or e.g. music that is intended to follow theuser without changing a relative position).

An audio element indicated by the audio rendering property indicator tobe “Not-fixed to head” is an audio element that is intended to have afixed location in the (virtual or real) environment, and so theirrendering is dynamically adapted to (changes in) the user's headorientation. In many embodiments this may be more realistic when such anaudio element is rendered as a binaural headphone signal which isadapted based on the current listener pose. For example, the perceptionof a position of an audio source rendered by a surround soundloudspeaker setup may be dependent on the user position and orientationand therefore the rendering of an audio element indicated to be“Not-fixed to head” by such a loudspeaker setup may result in an audiosource that is perceived to move when the user moves his head.

Thus, in some embodiments, “not-fixed to head orientation” elements maybe rendered over the users' headphones, with their positions adapted foreach individual user according to that user's tracked head orientation.The “fixed to head orientation” elements, on the other hand, may berendered over the loudspeakers and are not adapted to head movements ofthe users.

The advantage of such an embodiment is that the “fixed to headorientation” elements that are now mostly present via the loudspeakers(and not via the headphones) are mainly responsible for the acousticisolation that is experienced when all elements are rendered via theheadphones. The reasoning here is that the “fixed to head orientation”sounds (mostly music and atmospheric sounds like e.g. crowds, wind,rain, thunder, etc.) are often continuous and spatially omni-present innature, resulting in a “blanket” of sound that isolates the user fromhis physical surroundings. The “not-fixed to head orientation” elements,on the other hand, are often more localized and sparse in space andtime, and therefore much less “masking” the user's physical acousticsurroundings.

In some practical implements, the user perception of the “fixed to headorientation” sounds that are rendered over the loudspeakers may besomewhat different compared to how they are typically perceived whenreproduced over headphones. However, this is usually not a problem sincethe “fixed to head orientation” sounds that are rendered by theloudspeakers are typically non-directional or non-critical in terms ofspatial localization.

Which audio elements are “not-fixed to head orientation” and which are“fixed to head orientation” may be signaled explicitly by means ofmetadata in the audio content stream.

In the context of AR (and VR) audio reproduction, the term “diegetic” isalso commonly used to describe whether an audio element should be “fixedto head orientation” or not. “Diegetic” describes elements that shouldremain at the same virtual position when a user moves his head (meaningthat the rendered position relative to the user's head must bemodified). “Non-diegetic” describes elements for which this is notimportant, or it may even be preferable that their positions do not takethe user's head movements into account (meaning that they will movewith, or are “attached” to, the user's head).

In some embodiments, the audio rendering property indicator for an audioelement may be indicative of an audio format of the audio element. Theselector 209 may be arranged to select whether the first renderer 205 orthe second renderer 207 is used for rendering an audio element based onthe audio format of the audio element. The audio rendering propertyindicator may e.g. be indicative the audio element being an audio formatfrom the group of: an audio object format; a Higher Order Ambisonicsaudio format; and an audio channel signal audio format.

In some embodiments, the selector 209 may be arranged to make thedistinction between elements that are to be rendered by the headphonesor the loudspeakers based on the format of the audio elements.

E.g.: channel-based or Higher-Order-Ambisonics (HOA) elements, whichoften are used for transmitting background sounds like music andatmospheric sounds, may be rendered over the loudspeakers, whereasobject elements, which are typically used to transmit the main audioelements of a scene (often representing audio sources with well-definedpositions), may be rendered over headphones for each user individually.This also enables the user to not only change his head orientation, butalso to interact with the individual audio objects (if the contentproducer has intended the objects to be interactive).

This embodiment may be seen as an alternative or addition to providingaudio rendering property indicators that directly define which renderershould be used. For example, in situations where no explicit signalingof whether an audio element is a “not-fixed to head orientation”/“fixedto head orientation” element is included, the selector 209 may evaluatethe audio format to determine which renderer 205, 207 should be used.

The approaches and different audio rendering property indicators may becombined, e.g. channel-, HOA-, and elements that are explicitly signaledas “fixed to head orientation” are rendered over the loudspeakers, whileobjects and “not-fixed to head orientation” elements are rendered overthe headphones.

In some embodiments, the audio rendering property indicator may beindicative of an audio source type for the first audio element. Forexample, the audio rendering property indicator may be indicative ofwhether the audio element is an audio source type from a set includinge.g. one or more of: speech audio; music audio; foreground audio;background audio; voice over audio; and narrator audio.

In some embodiments, the distribution of audio elements overloudspeakers and headphones may be based on indications in the contentstream of source types for the audio elements, e.g. metadata like“speech” or “music” or “foreground” or “background sounds”. In thisexample, “speech” sources could be rendered over the headphones, while“music” and “background” sources could be rendered over theloudspeakers. A special case could be speech that is marked as being“voice over” or “narrator”, which might best be rendered over theloudspeakers (as it is not intended to have a specific location in spacebut rather to be “omni-present”).

In some embodiments, the receiver 201 may as previously described alsoreceive visual data indicative of a virtual scene corresponding to theaudio scene. This data may be fed to the visual renderer 203 to berendered using a suitable rendering technique e.g. generating stereoimages corresponding to the current user pose.

In some embodiments, the audio rendering property indicator for an audioelement may be indicative of whether the first audio element representsan audio source corresponding to a visual scene object. The visual sceneobject may be an object for which the visual data comprises a visualrepresentation.

In an example where the visual data provides visual data for a viewport,the audio rendering property indicator may indicate whether the audioelement is linked to an object within the viewport.

If the audio rendering property indicator indicates that the objectcorresponding to the audio element is visible in the scene, the selector209 may decide to render it using headphones and otherwise it may renderthe audio element using loudspeakers. In some embodiments, the audiorendering property indicator may directly indicate whether the object isvisible. However, in other embodiments the audio rendering propertyindicator may provide an indirect indication of whether the audioelement corresponds to a visible scene object.

For example, the audio rendering property indicator may comprise anindicating of a scene object which is represented by the received visualdata. The selector 209 may then proceed to evaluate whether the objectlinked to the audio element is visible for the current listener pose. Ifso, it may proceed to render it using headphones and otherwise theobject may be rendered by loudspeakers.

In some embodiments, the distribution of audio elements over theloudspeakers and headphones may be based on an indication in thereceived content stream of whether an audio element is linked to avisual element/object in the content stream. If the indicator indicatesthat this is the case, the audio element is rendered over theheadphones. If the indicator indicated that this is not the case, theaudio elements is rendered over the loudspeakers.

In the previous examples, the selector 209 has been arranged to selectthe appropriate renderer 205, 207 based only on the received data.However, it will be appreciated that in many embodiments, furtherconsiderations and specifically other data may be considered.

In many embodiments, the apparatus may include a user input functionthat can receive a user input. The selector 209 may in such embodimentsfurther be arranged to select between the first renderer 205 and thesecond renderer 207 based on the user input. The user input may forexample be a direct indication of a preferred rendering, such as e.g. anexplicit indication that a specific audio element should be rendered viaheadphones rather than loudspeakers. In other embodiments, the userinput may be more indirect and may e.g. modify a selection criterion orbias the selection towards one of the renderers 205, 207. For example, auser input may indicate that it is desired for more audio elements to berendered by headphones and the selector 209 may change a decisioncriterion to accomplish this.

Thus, in some embodiments, the user may be able to directly impact thedistribution of the elements over the loudspeakers and headphones. Oneexample is to give users the possibility to manually designateindividual elements for playback over the headphones or loudspeakers.

Another example of distribution control by the user is to provide theuser with two, or a few, modes from which he can select; e.g. an“individual experience”— and a “shared experience” mode. In the case inwhich the user selects the “shared experience” mode, any of theembodiments described above for determining which audio elements shouldbe rendered over the loudspeakers and headphones, respectively, may beused in any combination.

In some embodiments, the selector 209 may itself be arranged to analyzethe audio element(s) and determine which renderer 205, 207 to use basedon this analysis. For example, if no audio rendering property indicatoris received for a given audio element, the selector 209 may proceed toanalyze the audio element(s) to determine an audio property, such as forexample the number of audio elements in the scene, the number ofchannels per audio element, the position of audio elements, thedistances to the listener(s) (or to each loudspeaker) of audio elementsor the movement of the audio elements. The selector 209 may then proceedto decide which renderer 205, 207 to use based on this audio property oron a plurality of these.

In a specific example configuration, henceforth referred to asconfiguration X, the selector 209 may select the renderer for each audioelement in order to produce the most accurate spatial representation ofthe audio scene. For instance, if an audio element as a virtual positionrelatively close to the position of one of the physical loudspeakersthen it might be rendered on that specific loudspeaker. Conversely, ifan audio element falls in an area not covered by any loudspeaker then itmay be rendered through the headphones. The fact that an audio elementhas the same direction as a loudspeaker (from the view point of alistener) can also be used in the same way for a single listener, andalso for multiple listeners but with the condition that they all alignwith the speaker. However, this is typically not practical as the usersmight change positions over time. In this specific configuration X, theangular precision of the (binaural) headphone renderer 207 might betaken into account by the selector 209 for taking this decision.

Thus, in some embodiments, the selection of the appropriate renderer205, 207 may additionally be based on an analysis of the audio signals.For example, an estimator of an acoustical property of the audio signalscan be used to determine properties such as the distance (or the speed)of the audio object/source (especially in the case of multi-channelsignals) or the reverberation time. Audio signal classifiers can also beused such as speech/music classifiers, music genre classifiers or audioevent classifiers. A particular type of classifiers could also be usedto determine which type of microphones (HOA, Lavalier mic,omnidirectional, XY . . . ) has been used to record a given signal. Ananalysis of the frequency distribution of the audio signal might also beused to decide which audio system (headphone or loudspeaker) is moresuitable for rendering the whole audio element.

In the previous examples, the selector 209 has been arranged to selecteither the first renderer 205 or the second renderer 207 on an audioelement by audio element basis. However, it will be appreciated thatthis is not necessary or essential. For example, in some embodiments,the selector 209 may be arranged to select which renderer 205, 207 touse for groups of audio elements.

Also, in some embodiments, the selector 209 may be arranged toseparately select between the renderers 205, 207 for different parts ofa single audio element. For example, for some audio elements one partmay be rendered by the first renderer 205 and another part may berendered by the second renderer 207.

It will be appreciated that an audio element may be divided intodifferent parts in different ways depending on the requirements andpreferences of the individual embodiment. For example, in someembodiments, the audio element may be received as a combination orcollection of different parts and the selector 209 may individuallyselect a renderer 207 for each part. For example, an audio element mayrepresent a specific audio source by a first component which representsan audio source with a well-defined position (e.g. corresponding todirect audio) and a second component which represents more diffuse anddistributed sound (e.g. corresponding to reverberating sound). Theselector 209 may in such a scenario be arranged to render the firstcomponent using headphones and the second component using loudspeakers.

In other embodiments, the selector 209 may be arranged to divide theaudio element into different parts for rendering. For example, areceived audio element may correspond to an audio signal which may beanalyzed in order to be divided into different parts that may then berendered separately.

Specifically, in many embodiments, different parts of the audio elementmay correspond to different frequency ranges. For example, the selector209 may for a given first part corresponding to a specific frequencyrange be arranged to select which renderer 205, 207 to use. It mayproceed to do the same for a different frequency range and thus may leadto different renderers 205, 207 being used for the first and secondfrequency ranges.

In some embodiments, different audio rendering property indicators maybe provided for different parts of the audio element, and the selector209 may consider the specific audio rendering property indicator for thegiven part when deciding how to render this. In other embodiments, anaudio rendering property indicator may be provided for the whole audioelement but with different decision criteria being used for differentparts. For example, for a medium to high frequency range, the selectionbetween headphones and loudspeakers is made in dependence on thereceived audio rendering property indicator for the audio element,whereas for a very low frequency range the first renderer 205 is used torender the signal over the loudspeakers independently of what the audiorendering property indicator indicates (reflecting that low frequenciestend to provide much less significant spatial cues).

For example, the signal may be separated into a low-frequency part and ahigh-frequency part, using low and high-pass filtering, where the lowfrequency part is sent to the loudspeakers and the high frequency partto the headphones dependent on the audio rendering property indicator.In some such embodiments, advanced audio source separation may be used(e.g. dividing each time-frequency point between renderers).

The use of a filtering that preserves the energy at each time frequencypoint may enable a physical hybrid rendering system to attenuate thepossible errors generated by the filtering.

The described approach may provide a number of advantageous effectsincluding as previously described allowing a perceived accurate spatialrendering of an audio scene while allowing/facilitating users in thesame location to interact directly.

The approach may reduce complexity and resource usage in many scenariosdue to a potentially reduced amount of binaural processing beingrequired. Another advantage that can often be achieved is a reduction inthe energy used by the headphone reproduction system, e.g. in terms ofamplifier power and/or processing load for the embedded renderer, whichcan be critical in the case of untethered headphones (e.g. batterydriven headphones).

Another interesting property of hybrid audio reproduction system for VRapplication is that it tends to provide improved safety. Indeed,contrary to wearing closed headphones, the attendees are not fully cutoff from the potential danger of the real environment surrounding them.This may be an important factor in many practical situations.

Yet another advantage of a hybrid system such as those described, is thefact that part of the audio content is rendered over the commonloudspeaker set which tends to enhance the users' feeling of a sharedexperience. The approach tends to provide an improved user experience.

It will be appreciated that the above description for clarity hasdescribed embodiments of the invention with reference to differentfunctional circuits, units and processors. However, it will be apparentthat any suitable distribution of functionality between differentfunctional circuits, units or processors may be used without detractingfrom the invention. For example, functionality illustrated to beperformed by separate processors or controllers may be performed by thesame processor or controllers. Hence, references to specific functionalunits or circuits are only to be seen as references to suitable meansfor providing the described functionality rather than indicative of astrict logical or physical structure or organization.

The invention can be implemented in any suitable form includinghardware, software, firmware or any combination of these. The inventionmay optionally be implemented at least partly as computer softwarerunning on one or more data processors and/or digital signal processors.The elements and components of an embodiment of the invention may bephysically, functionally and logically implemented in any suitable way.Indeed the functionality may be implemented in a single unit, in aplurality of units or as part of other functional units. As such, theinvention may be implemented in a single unit or may be physically andfunctionally distributed between different units, circuits andprocessors.

Although the present invention has been described in connection withsome embodiments, it is not intended to be limited to the specific formset forth herein. Rather, the scope of the present invention is limitedonly by the accompanying claims. Additionally, although a feature mayappear to be described in connection with particular embodiments, oneskilled in the art would recognize that various features of thedescribed embodiments may be combined in accordance with the invention.In the claims, the term comprising does not exclude the presence ofother elements or steps.

Furthermore, although individually listed, a plurality of means,elements, circuits or method steps may be implemented by e.g. a singlecircuit, unit or processor. Additionally, although individual featuresmay be included in different claims, these may possibly beadvantageously combined, and the inclusion in different claims does notimply that a combination of features is not feasible and/oradvantageous. Also the inclusion of a feature in one category of claimsdoes not imply a limitation to this category but rather indicates thatthe feature is equally applicable to other claim categories asappropriate. Furthermore, the order of features in the claims do notimply any specific order in which the features must be worked and inparticular the order of individual steps in a method claim does notimply that the steps must be performed in this order. Rather, the stepsmay be performed in any suitable order. In addition, singular referencesdo not exclude a plurality. Thus references to “a”, “an”, “first”,“second” etc. do not preclude a plurality. Reference signs in the claimsare provided merely as a clarifying example shall not be construed aslimiting the scope of the claims in any way.

1. An audio apparatus, comprising: a receiver circuit, wherein thereceiver circuit is arranged to receive data, wherein the data describesan audio scene, wherein the data comprises audio data and metadata,wherein the audio data is for a set of audio elements corresponding toaudio sources in the scene, wherein the set of audio elements comprisesa first audio element wherein the metadata comprises at least a firstaudio rendering property indicator, wherein the first audio renderingproperty indicator is for the first audio element; a first renderercircuit, wherein the first renderer circuit is arranged to render audioelements by generating a first set of audio signals for a set ofloudspeakers; a second renderer circuit, wherein the second renderercircuit is arranged to render audio elements by generating a second setof audio signals for headphones; and a selector circuit, wherein theselector circuit is arranged to select between the first renderercircuit and the second renderer circuit such that the rendering of atleast a first part of the first audio element is in response to thefirst audio rendering property indicator; wherein the first audiorendering property indicator is indicative of whether the first part ofthe first audio element should be rendered via the loudspeakers, orrendered via the headphones.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein theapparatus is arranged to generate audio signals for a plurality oflisteners, wherein the first renderer circuit is arranged to generatethe first set of audio signals as a common set of audio signals for theplurality of listeners, wherein the second renderer circuit is arrangedto generate the second set of audio signals for headphones for a firstlistener of the plurality of listeners, wherein the second renderercircuit is arranged to generate a third set of audio signals forheadphones for a second listener of the plurality of listeners.
 3. Theapparatus of claim 1, wherein the first part is a frequency subrange ofthe first audio element.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein theselector circuit is arranged to select between the first renderercircuit and the second renderer circuit for the first part of the firstaudio element, wherein the selector circuit is arranged to selectbetween the first renderer circuit and the second renderer circuit for asecond part of the first audio element.
 5. The apparatus of claim 1,wherein the first audio rendering property indicator is indicative of anaudio format of the first audio element.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1,wherein the first audio rendering property indicator is indicative of aguidance rendering property for the rendering of the first audioelement.
 7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the first audio renderingproperty indicator explicitly indicates that the first part of the firstaudio item is intended for rendering via the loudspeakers, or explicitlyindicates that the first part of the first audio item is intended forrendering via the headphones.
 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein thecircuit is arranged to receive visual data, wherein the visual data isindicative of a virtual scene corresponding to the audio scene, whereinthe first audio rendering property indicator is indicative of whetherthe first audio element represents an audio source corresponding to avisual scene object.
 9. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising auser input circuit, wherein the user input circuit is arranged toreceive a user input, wherein the selector circuit is arranged to selectbetween the first renderer circuit and the second renderer circuit forrendering of at least the first part of the first audio element inresponse to the user input.
 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein thefirst audio rendering property indicator indicates an audio source typeof the first part of the first audio element, wherein the selectorcircuit is arranged to select between the first renderer circuit and thesecond renderer circuit for rendering the first part of the first audioelement based on the audio source type of the first part of the firstaudio element.
 11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first audiorendering property indicator indicates whether the first part of thefirst audio element is foreground audio or background audio, wherein theselector circuit is arranged to determine that the first part of thefirst audio element should be rendered via the loudspeakers when thefirst part of the first audio element is indicated to be backgroundaudio, wherein the selector circuit is arranged to determine that thefirst part of the first audio element should be rendered via theheadphones when the first part of the first audio element is indicatedto be foreground audio.
 12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein theselector circuit is arranged to determine an audio property of the firstaudio element, wherein the selector circuit is arranged to selectbetween the first renderer circuit and the second renderer circuit forrendering at least the first part of the first audio element in responseto audio property.
 13. A method of audio processing comprising:receiving data describing an audio scene, wherein the data comprisesaudio data for a set of audio elements, wherein the set of audioelements correspond to audio sources in the scene and metadata, whereinthe metadata comprises at least a first audio rendering propertyindicator, wherein the first audio rendering property indicator is for afirst audio element of the set of audio elements; rendering audioelements by generating a first set of audio signals for a set ofloudspeakers; rendering audio elements by generating a second set ofaudio signals for headphones; and in response to the first audiorendering property indicator, selecting between rendering of at least afirst part of the first audio element via the set of loudspeakers andrendering of at least the first part of the first audio element via theheadphones, wherein the first audio rendering property indicator isindicative of whether the first part of the first audio element shouldbe rendered via the loudspeakers, or rendered via the headphones.
 14. Acomputer program stored on a non-transitory medium, wherein the computerprogram when executed on a processor performs the method as claimed inclaim
 13. 15. The method of claim 13, further comprising: generatingaudio signals for a plurality of listeners; generating the first set ofaudio signals as a common set of audio signals for the plurality oflisteners; generating the second set of audio signals for headphones fora first listener of the plurality of listeners; and generating a thirdset of audio signals for headphones for a second listener of theplurality of listeners.
 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the firstpart is a frequency subrange of the first audio element.
 17. The methodof claim 13, further comprising selecting different rendering for thefirst part of the first audio element and for a second part of the firstaudio element.
 18. The method of claim 13, wherein the first audiorendering property indicator explicitly indicates that the first part ofthe first audio item is intended for rendering via loudspeakers, orexplicitly indicates that the first part of the first audio item isintended for rendering via headphones.
 19. The method of claim 13,wherein the first audio rendering property indicator indicates an audiosource type of the first part of the first audio element, whereinselecting between rendering of at least a first part of the first audioelement via the set of loudspeakers and rendering of at least the firstpart of the first audio element via the headphones, is in response tothe audio source type.
 20. The method of claim 13, wherein the firstaudio rendering property indicator indicates whether the first part ofthe first audio element is foreground audio or background audio, whereinfirst audio element is rendered via the loudspeakers when the first partof the first audio element is indicated as background audio, wherein thefirst part of the first audio element is rendered via the headphoneswhen the first part of the first audio element is indicated asforeground audio.